Here is basic classifications of various language types of the World which you should understand the grasp of beforehand:
Basic Language StructuresThere are a number of ways we describe languages. The first one classifies them according to their basic grammatical structures:
Isolating languages (aka analytic) -- ones that use invariable words, but have strict rules of word order to keep the grammatical meanings of things clear.
Included are Chinese, Indonesian, Pidgins and Creoles.
English is inflexional (see below), but has been moving towards being isolating.
Isolating languages are easy for adults to learn, but not as easy for children.
Agglutinating languages -- ones that add very regular prefixes and suffixes to express nuances
Included are Finnish, Turkish, Japanese, Tamil, etc.
These languages are very explicit and logical, and easy for children to learn.
Inflexional languages (aka fusional) -- languages that vary words to express nuances of meaning
Included are Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages.
Declensions -- variations on nouns (e.g. man, men, man’s, men’s).
Conjugations -- variations on verbs (e.g. sing, sang, sung).
Inflexional languages can be difficult to learn, because they usually involve many irregularities.
Amalgamating languages (aka polysynthetic) -- a much smaller group of languages that tend towards complex words that carry a sentence-worth of information.
Included are Basque, many Amerindian languages, and Klingon.
These languages are usually very difficult to learn, unless you are brought up with them. The Basques joke that they are immune to the Devil because he couldn't learn their language!
A second way of classifying languages is based on the word order they use:
SVO languages -- languages with subject-verb-object word order, as in English.
Adjectives usually follow nouns, as in French (English, of course, doesn't follow this rule).
Prepositions preferred over postpositions (I go to school).
Isolating languages tend to be strongly SVO.
SOV languages -- languages with subject-object-verb word order, as in Japanese.
Adjective usually precede nouns, as in English.
Postpositions preferred over prepositions (I school to go).
Agglutinating languages tend to be SOV.
VSO languages -- a small group of languages with verb-subject-object word order, as in Irish.
Other arrangements exist, but are much rarer. Strongly inflexional languages (like Latin or Russian) often permit varied word order.
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