1) The Nagas are a group of Mongoloid communities speaking Tibeto-Burman languages who inhabit a mountainous country between the Brahmaputra plains in India and the hill ranges to the west of the Chindwin Valley in Upper Myanmar. Straddling the border between the Hindu civilization of India and the Buddhist civilization of Myanmar, the Nagas have kept aloof from both these culture-spheres, and have developed a style of their own which owes very little to either. 2)Yet the culture preserved for aeons in the relative seclusion of the Naga Hills is by no means an isolated growth; it is a remnant of civilization which at one time extended over a large part of Southeast Asia. There are numerous cultural parallels linking the Nagas with certain hill-peoples in Taiwan, the Ifugaos and Bontocs of the Philippines, the Dayaks of Borneo in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and it is quite possible that these links go back to Neolithic times. Cultural parallels between these widely separated ethnic groups include many features of the ecology as well as patterns of dress and types of weaving known as the Indonesian loom, styles of wood-carving and such cultural features as the erection of wooden posts and large stone monuments while performing "feasts of merit" for the purpose of gaining social prestige, the practice of shamanism, the system of alliances, relationships and marriages, ancestor-worship, and the practice of head-hunting for obtaining enviable social status and increasing harvest. 3) The Nagas resemble the Mongoloid races of Southeast Asian countries in their physical characteristics and are thus very different from the Indian population. This distinction accentuates their sense of separateness, which in turn has far-reaching political implications.
READ: http://www.angelfire.com/mo/Nagaland/culture.html
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WHO WAS SOMA?
[PART 1]
“History, for most Cambodians, is legend. Such legends combine fact with fiction and reinforce the togetherness of the people. Below is the most famous one, about the origins of Cambodia…
In very ancient times, mythical "serpents" called Naga were the first inhabitants of the Khmer territory. Cambodia was then called Kok Thlok, or "the land with a tree," because only a holy mountain with a tree on top was visible above the water. The legend says that once upon a time a Hindu prince called Preah Tong (Kaudinya?) was chased away by his father. The prince soon reached Kok Thlok island, where he fell in love with Soma, a female serpent from the "lunar" dynasty. Her father, the king of the Naga, approved the wedding. He drank the water surrounding the holy mountain and offered the couple the newly-born territory. So was founded [FUNAN KINGDOM.]”
http://www.myfriend.org/krousar-thmey/tonlesape/tl02.htm
[A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA]
The original inhabitants of Southeast Asia were a short, hairy, black-skinned race related to the Australian Aborigines, commonly called Negritos. Today they are found only in the most remote areas, still living a stone age lifestyle, but once they roamed the entire region, hunting and practicing slash-and-burn agriculture as far north as the Yangtze River.
In the first millennium B.C., new races began to move into Southeast Asia from the north, displacing the original Negritos in the process. The first immigrants were the ancestors of the Malayo-Polynesian races; they arrived so early that no historical record of their arrival exists. Their mode of transportation was the outrigger canoe; whether they invented this simple but very seaworthy vessel is uncertain, but they quickly became excellent sailors. By 700 B.C. Dongson-style pottery was turning up in places as far away as New Guinea, indicating that the Malayo-Polynesians were already colonizing most of the areas where they live today: Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei. Between 1 and 500 A.D. they traveled even farther, crossing the oceans to reach New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, Easter Island, and even Madagascar. By any standard these were astonishing journeys; the distance from Madagascar to Easter Island is two-thirds of the way around the world! [Some of the Malay stayed on the Asian continent and traveled west, those who did can be found today, they are called the Champa, the Malaysians, and the NAGA on of NAGALAND which is found on the border of India and Myanmar.]
Behind the Malays came the Vietnamese, Mon-Khmers, Tibeto-Burmans and Thais, all forced to move by Chinese expansion. At an unknown date (no later than 300 B.C.), the Mon-Khmers split into two tribes: the Khmers, ancestor`s of today`s Cambodians, who migrated down the Mekong River; and the Mons, who went west to settle Thailand, southern Burma, and part of Malaya.
(http://www.guidetothailand.com/thailand-history/beginning.htm)
BY ACCOUNT OF KHMER LEGEND, "NAGA" WERE THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION AND WERE THE PEOPLE WHO FORMED FUNAN KINGDOM AS THE QUEEN OF THE LOCAL KINGDOM OF NAGA MARRIED THIS INDIAN TRAVELER NAMED Kaudinya , AND NOT THE CAMBODIANS THEMSELVES WHO MERELY RECOUNTED THESE EVENTS.
BY ACCOUNT OF SCIENTIFIC AND ANTHROPOLOGIC RESEARCH NEGRITOS (primitive peoples as seen to this day) & THEN THE MALAY WERE THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION, AND CAMBODIANS/MON/LAO/THAI CAME THERE AFTER WHICH ALSO SUPPORTS THAT THE NAGA, SPOKEN ABOUT IN THE KHMER LEGEND, WERE MOST LIKELY EITHER NEGRITO OR MALAY AND THIS WORD "NAGA" WAS MERELY WHAT THE CAMBODIANS CALLED THEM. Could the ancient Naga of Southeast asia and the Naga of Myanmar actually be the same people who merely split up like the MON-KHMERS split into two tribes and went in separate directions? In any case, I think it is appropriate to say that when most people see someone different then them they often give them names that are "condescending" or "belittling" or "subservient" to their own. Maybe the Naga were in fact real people, and not mythical "serpents." Again look where it said "History, for most Cambodians, is legend. Such legends combine fact with fiction."
AND SO, WHEN "PREAH TONG/Kaudinya ?" THE HINDU TRAVELER REACHED SOUTHEAST ASIA AND FELL IN LOVE WITH THIS "NAGA" PRINCESS SOMA, THE PRINCESS HAD TO BE A NAGA = EITHER NEGRITO OR MALAY ETHNICITY. AND THE LOCAL KINGDOM OF NAGA HAD TO BE A NAGA KINGDOM = KINGDOM OF EITHER NEGRITO OR MALAY.
AND WHEN THE INDIAN AND SOMA BIRTHED THE "1ST KINGDOM OF SOUTHEAST ASIA" THE FUNANESE ROYALTY HAD TO BE OF NAGA ETHNICITY = EITHER NEGRITO OR MALAY & HINDU MIX, RIGHT?
BUT DON’T GET ME WRONG, KHMER IS NOT ABSENT IN FUNAN.. FROM CHINESE ACCOUNTS FUNAN WAS COMPRISED OF MANY DIVERSE ETHNIC CITIZENS: NEGRITOS, MALAYS, KHMER...
“Normally the Chinese are not impressed by the accomplishments of other people, but Funan`s visitors brought back a favorable report of the country`s Malay upper class, which had palaces, abundant treasures, and a system of writing related to Sanskrit. Most of the people, however, were apparently Negrito, for one Chinese described them as "ugly and black," with frizzy hair. This same ambassador was offended by the sight of the Negritos walking around naked, and when he told this to the king of Funan, a law was passed requiring all to wear clothing in public, and the traditional Cambodian "sampot" or loincloth was invented.”
Funan Dynasty (3rd-6th Centuries) was found in present day Cambodia (but it does not mean that it belonged to the Cambodians)
Funan was one of the first kingdoms founded in SE Asia by emigrant Hindus in the Mekong Delta (S. Vietnam and Cambodia). There are no name inscriptions but many vestiges. Funan is a phonetic transcription of an old Khmer word meaning "King of the Mountain" who is probably the sovereign of the country. At its zenith, [t]he Funan Empire reached to the Menam River in Thailand and onto the Malay Peninsula and into central Vietnam including the entire middle course of the Mekong River. Legendary founder an Indian named Kaudinya who married Soma, a daughter of the king of Naga in the 1st century.
[PART 2]
ACCORDING TO MANY HISTORY BOOKS, CHENLA is the first TRUE Kingdom of the Cambodian ethnicity, NOT Funan. And the kingdom of Funan was merely taken over by Chenla which at the time was a vassel state of Funan and that the Cambodians of Chenla merely conquered Funan and Adopted all of Funan’s ways.
“Chenla (called by Chinese or "Kambuja" by Khmer) was a more direct ancestor of the Khmer Empire. Its history first appear in the Chinese Chronicles as Funan`s vassal state who gained its independence from Funan around the year 550 A.D. Within the next 60 years, Chenla succeeded to conquer its predecessor the Funan, and gradually absorbed its people as well as inherited the Indian cultures.”
“The weakening of the Funan Empire was unclear, and it was overthrown by one of its vassal state; Chenla in early 7th century. The Funanese people (who were not khmer) were completely absorbed by Chenla as time passed by. Funan thus had laid a basic foundation for the evolution of Angkor Civilization in later centuries.”
“C. 550 Chenla, a vassal state of Funan, acquired her independence from the latter. In the further course of the 7th century, Chenla conquered Funan in present-day Cambodia. By conquest, Chenla extended over all of modern Cambodia, the Mekong Delta, southern Thailand and parts of Laos.
Funan was a great Maritime state, but when Chenla replaced Funan they did not continue the legacy as a Maritime state..
The first Khmer kingdom, known as Chenla, adopted the entire culture of Funan for itself. Chenla did not have a strong government, though; it prospered in the 7th century, but in 706 it split into two states, known as "Land Chenla" (Laos) and "Water Chenla" (Cambodia). Land Chenla retained some measure of unity, but constant intrigues for the throne shattered Water Chenla into no less than five smaller states. At the end of the 8th century all of Water Chenla came under the domination of one of Jav*bleep*ailendra monarchs.
Now consider that most of the main maritime states of Southeast Asia were Malay states such as Champa and SriVijaya and all others of the Malay Archipelago. And the Malay were very successful and knowledgeable about how to sustain such a maritime power.
“And so, When Funan fell under Khmer rule, the Indochina trade was taken up by other states. The one in the best location was Srivijaya, on the southeastern coast of Sumatra near both the Malacca and Sunda straits. It was probably in existence as a kingdom before the collapse of Funan, but the first record that mentions Srivijaya is the travel diary of I-ching, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited in 671 and praised its capital, Palembang, for its 1,000 monks and an excellent library of holy texts. One hundred years later Srivijaya not only ruled Sumatra but also the Malay peninsula and western Java, giving it almost complete control over the Indochina trade.
http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/seasia/sea02.html
“The Shailendra dynasty [MALAYS OF JAVA] claimed to be direct heirs to the power of Funan. In fact, The dynastic name, Sailendra, meant "king of the mountain". That title was probably chosen to because it was the title of the kings of Funan, from whom the royal family of the Sailendra Dynasty claimed descent. However the Chen La Dynasty (Cambodians) most likely drove them to Indonesia [when Chen La took over]. A peaceful reorganization of the old Funan & Chen-La kingdom managed by Jayavarman II who had lived in Java at the Shailendra court and was connected to the old Cambodian royal family. He returned to Cambodia around 790 CE. He emulated the Malay Shailendra`s pattern of magnificent dynastic power, supported by a strong religious cult expressed through the resources of art. He established one of his successive capitals at Mahendraparvata on Phnom Kulen in 802, twenty miles from Angkor. He lived in this mountain city to claim a similar title as the Shailendra "Mountain Kings", and display his intimate communication with the gods, himself one of them. He established the basic royal cult of the Khmers. Severed all ties of dependence with Indonesia. Died 850 at Roluos, his son rises to power.”
*****Now if the Sailendra Dynasty people claimed to be direct descendant of the Funan Kingdom, then that would mean the Sailendra and the Naga were the same people, and that would mean Naga is not really Cambodian or Negrito but Malay because Sailendra was Malay people.*****
In the Malay culture “Naga” is an ancient motif that symbolizes a mythical snake with a dragon head and is often used as the shape design on the handles of our KERIS swords. A sword that by itself resembles a snake as the blade is wavy and curved and is always carried on the person of a Malay as though it is part of the body because it is often highly regarded as a being itself, a “reincarnation” of our Ancestors that provides strength, luck, fortune, guidance etc. And not only that, the Keris is in fact our family tree that we Malay use to trace our ANCESTRY as the sword is ceremoniously handed down from generation to generation.. [look at my Keris forum here on aa to see a picture of one]
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/taman.sari/index.htm
But in any case, Cambodians of the Chen La vassal state merely took over Funan. Chenla was like a state that over threw the Funan government. And Funan must have been an Early Malay/Hindu State and Cambodians were simply citizens of it.
[PART 3]
THIS IS THE THEORY AND ALTERNATIVE UNORTHODOX HISTORY THAT I SUPPORT BASED ON THE PERSUASIVE EVIDENCE I HAVE READ......I KNOW CAMBODIANS WILL NOT BE VERY FOND OR KIND TO THIS INFORMATION THAT I PRESENT BECAUSE IT TAKES AWAY FROM CAMBODIAN PRIDE THAT FUNAN BELONGED SOLELY TO CAMBODIAN PEOPLE, BUT MUCH EVIDENCE AND WRITINGS BEING FOUND AND UNCOVERED SUGGEST OTHERWISE.
HISTORY IS ALWAYS CHANGING AND WE ARE DISCOVERING MORE INFORMATION THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM OUR PREVIOUS VIEWS....AND MAYBE INSTEAD OF BEING CLOSE-MINDED TO NEW EVIDENCE AND INFORMATION WE SHOULD ACCEPT IT. BECAUSE WE ARE NOT FREE OF ERROR. WE ARE NOT EVER PERFECT. WHAT IS RIGHT TODAY MAY NOT BE RIGHT TOMORROW WHEN WE LEARN OTHERWISE..
JUST LOOK AT THE BAN CHIANG DISCOVERIES IN THE LAND OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (PRESENT DAY THAI TERRITORY) IT HAS BEEN DISCOVERED TO BE AN EARLY SITE OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION... A CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION AND LIFE, AND EVEN EARLIEST SITE OF RICE PRODUCTION. NOW IT IS NOT ONLY AFRICA, INDIA, AND CHINA WHICH IS A SITE OF EARLY LIFE, BUT ALSO SOUTHEAST ASIA....
WOULD U FEEL PRIDE TO SUPPORT THE FINDINGS SUGGESTING SOUTHEAST ASIA IS A SITE OF EARLY LIFE AND CIVILIZATION? OF COURSE YOU WOULD, BECAUSE YOU ARE A PERSON FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA...
BUT YOU MAY NOT SUPPORT THESE FINDINGS I PRESENT BECAUSE YOU ARE CAMBODIAN AND YOU DON’T WANT SOMEONE TO SHOW EVIDENCE THAT CAMBODIA IS ANY "LESS" OR TAKES AWAY FROM YOUR FORMER GLORY.. BUT KNOW THIS, I AM NOT SAYING CAMBODIA IS ANY LESS, BUT I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE MALAY ETHNICITY IS ALSO GREAT AS THE CAMBODIAN. AND JUST BECAUSE THE MALAY HAS FORGOTTEN OUR ROOTS OR HAS BEEN BRAINWASHED TO ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IT DOESN`T MEAN THAT OUR ANCESTORS OF THE MALAY ETHNICITY DID NOT CREATE AS GREAT AND EARLY EMPIRES AS YOU. WE MERELY FORGOT....BUT OUR MALAY ANCESTORS WERE THERE TOO. I JUST WANT TO SAY THAT I ADMIRE THE CAMBODIANS BECAUSE THEY WERE ABLE TO PRESERVE THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE UP TO THIS DAY.AND THAT IS SOMETHING TO BE PROUD OF WHEREAS THE MALAY ETHNICITY HAS FORGOTTEN THEIRS AND BECAME MUSLIM OR CHRISTIAN, AND MOST MALAY RATHER CONCENTRATE ON ARAB AND SPANISH CULTURE THEN THEIR OWN GREAT AND GLORIOUS NATIVE AUSTRONESIAN PAST AND HINDU-BUDDHIST KINGDOMS WHICH THEY WERE BRED TO HATE AND FORGET THAT IS WHY I HAVE SO MANY “FILIPINOS” ANGRY AT ME BECAUSE I AM REDEFINING WHAT “FILIPINO” IS AND THEY HAD A LONG BOUT WITH IDENTITY CRISIS AND ONCE THEY FINALLY THOUGHT THEY IDENTIFIED THEMSELVES AS “SPANISH” PEOPLE I CAME AND SHOWED THEM THAT THEY ARE WRONG AND NOW THEY ARE TOO LAZY TO RECONSIDER WHO THEY TRULY ARE.
YOU CAMBODIANS ARE A GREAT PEOPLE, , YOU HAVE PERSEVERED YOUR HISTORY. NOW LET THE MALAY PERSEVERE THEIR HISTORY AND WE WILL STAND AT YOUR SIDE, BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT ABOVE US AND WE ARE NOT ABOVE YOU. SHARE THE HISTORY OF FUNAN WITH THE MALAY, WE KNOW YOU ADOPTED/CONQUERED IT, BUT IT IS NOT SOLELY KHMER HISTORY.
PEACE!!